Page 151 - Calculating Agriculture Cover 20191124 STUDENT - A

CH 14] Calculating Agriculture 14-1

CHAPTER 14

NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: Solutions
to Homework are in that section.
Avg. time for Students to read &
complete homework: 6.0 hrs.
FEEDS and FEEDING

Objectives

After mastering the material in this chapter, you will be able to:

• Explain the difference between a roughage and concentrate feedstuff.
• Calculate the percentage of a specific feedstuff in a ration.
• Calculate Digestible Energy Coefficient.
• Understand the utilization of energy in a feedstuff.
• Calculate cost ratio of feed gains.
• Calculate the ratio of feed to pounds of milk produced.
• Determine the percentages of Total Dry Matter, Digestible Protein and Total Digestible
Nutrients in a given feed.
• Calculate the pounds of Digestible Protein and Total Digestible Nutrients in a feed
ration.
• Calculate efficiency of gains and feed conversion to gain. 14

Livestock and poultry typically eat plant materials as their feed ingredients. Feedstuffs supply
the energy for growth, weight gain and maintenance, and feed for their offspring. Sufficient
quantities of the feedstuffs must be consumed to provide the nutrients an animal requires based on
their age, weight, sex and use. These feedstuffs are the raw materials that are converted into body
cells, tissues, organs and products. When taking a particular course in “FEEDS AND FEEDING”, the
learner becomes familiar with the nutritional composition and/or energy makeup from the various
classes of feedstuffs which is essential to formulate a nutritionally proficient and economically
profitable ration.
A feedstuff is loosely defined as any component of a ration that serves some useful function.
Feedstuffs generally are included in the ration to help meet the nutritional requirement of the animal
species being fed. These rations are composed to meet the needs an animal may require for
digestion, reduce oxidation, emulsify fats, provide flavor, improve animal health, or improve
characteristics of the products the animal provides.
When it comes to feeding, animals are either ruminants or non-ruminants. Ruminants include
beef, sheep, goats, and dairy cattle. Non-ruminants are swine, horses and mules, and all classes
poultry.
The digestive system of the ruminant is a four compartment stomached animal which include
the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. Rumen microbes ferment feed and Masticate:
produce volatile fatty acids, which is the ruminants main energy source. Animals that have the Chew food.
ability to masticate their food, the first step in preparing feeds to yield up their nutrient values,
stimulate the process of adding digestive juices for absorption. Mastication commences the
breakdown of a feed for the animal. When feedstuffs that are ground to a powder, in effect
bypassing mastication, the animal fails to take advantage of the full feed value.

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